European colonialism in Africa began in the 15th century, with Portuguese exploration and expansion along the West African coast.
By the late 19th century, much of Africa had been colonized by European powers, with only Ethiopia and Liberia remaining independent.
Colonial powers used a variety of tactics to assert control over African territories, including military conquest, diplomacy, and the establishment of trading posts and protectorates.
European colonial powers imposed their political, economic, and social systems on African societies, often leading to the marginalization and exploitation of local populations.
Colonialism had a profound impact on African societies, including the disruption of traditional ways of life, the introduction of new diseases, and the displacement of millions of people.
Colonial powers often relied on local collaborators to help enforce their rule, leading to the creation of new African elites who were aligned with European interests.
Resistance to colonial rule took many forms, including armed uprisings, non-violent protests, and cultural movements.
By the mid-20th century, nationalist movements had emerged across Africa, calling for independence from colonial rule.
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